Monday, June 25 - 1 comments

CLITICIZATION IN MANGGARAI LANGUAGE




I.            INTRODUCTION
1.1     Background
Manggarai Language is one of some local language in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. More than 700 thousand people in the west of Flores Island, which located in three districts, use Manggarai language in their daily life as their mother tongue. Those three districts are Middle Manggarai district, West Manggarai district, and East Manggarai district. Based on the 2010 statistic reporting (www.ntt.bps.go.id and www.nttprov.go.id) we know that Manggarai language is the language with high rate of user in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province.
The Manggarainese language is part of the Austronesian family, and therefore related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Based on its dialect, Manggarai language divided into four groups. They are East Manggarai dialect, West Manggarai dialect, North Manggarai dialect and Middle Manggarai dialects. Each of those dialects has sub-dialect, which have specific characteristics in morphological form, phonological form and syntactical form. In morphological form, Manggarai language has specific unique form in its lexical and morphemic form in build up a complete meaning of a word.
Clitic is a grammatical form, which can’t stand alone. So, it can be called as bound morpheme. Briefly, a morphological characteristic of clitic is that a clitic is a bound morpheme appeared like an affix [where it can’t stand alone] but it can be adjoin to all word class. Based on this characteristic, there are some phenomenon appeared in Manggarai language which has some characteristics above which suggested by writer as a clitic. Some phenomena of cliticization in Manggarai language are following:

Ise   lonto  musi        mai      ami - s
3p    sit       behind      from    1pl - 3p
They sat/were sitting behind us

Toko - s        ise
Sleep- 3Pl     3Pl
They sleep
Hi          Kode        ka’eng    wa       tana    -   i
ART      monkey    stay         down   ground - 3s
The monkey lives on the ground

Hia pa’u eta  mai bubung  mbaru hitu-i
3s  fall  above  from  roof  house  that=3s
‘(S)he fell down from the roof of the house’

The examples above show there are two cliticization phenomena appear. They are –i and –s, where –i refer to 3singular [he/she/it] while –s refer to 3Plural [they]. The more examples was founded and need to be analyzed whether it might be classified in clitic or not. Then, it will show us that Manggarai language might has unique characteristics with other local language in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, especially in cliticization phenomenon.

1.2     Research problems
In this paper, writer will try to analyze cliticization phenomenon in Manggarai language, which focuses on Rembong dialect of Middle Manggarai dialect. The research problem will be answered by research question like what kind of the Manggarai language clitic? What is the function of the clitic appeared?

1.3     Theoretical review
Longman Dictionary defines a clitic as a grammatical form which cannot stand on its own in an utterance. It needs to co-occur with another form which either precedes or follows it. Some languages have clitic pronoun forms which are attached to the verb (2002: 76). Means that a clitic always attached to its host and will give semantic meaning when it has been attached to its host. In Manggarai language there are some clitic which attach to the verbal where after the joining there will be appear a new semantic phrase meaning. For example ta - r (go – 1Plr = we go), took - r (sleep – 1Plr = we sleep), lako-k (walk – 1sgl = I go).
Clitic is a ‘small words’ of functional, non-lexical categories such as pronouns and determiners that ‘lean on’ a preceding or following host word, and cannot appear as phonological words by themselves (Booij, 2005: 181).

Clitick Features :
·         Phonologically bound but syntactically free
·         Function at phrase or clause level
·         Cannot be integrated into standard discourse without being bound to some other form
·         Often have grammatical rather than lexical meaning
·         Belong to closed classes like pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions
·         Usually attach to the edges of words, outside of derivational and inflectional affixes
·         Often attach to several syntactic categories of words such as head noun, non-head noun, preposition, verb, or adverb.
·         Phonologically unstressed
There are two types of clitic. They are proclitic and enclitic. proclitic occurring at the beginning of a morpheme while enclitic, occurring at the end of a morpheme.

1.4     Method and technique of data  collection
In this research, the method used is quantitative research method where the data are collected from Manggarainese language written and other morphological paper of Manggarainese language, and interview directly some people who use Manggarainese language.

1.5     Technique of data analysis
The data, which have been collected, are classified into some group base on the typology of clitic and then analyzed by morphological software name Toolbox.

1 comments:

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