I.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Manggarai
Language is one of some local language in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. More than
700 thousand people in the west of Flores Island, which located in three districts,
use Manggarai language in their daily life as their mother tongue. Those three districts
are Middle Manggarai district, West Manggarai district, and East Manggarai
district. Based on the 2010 statistic reporting (www.ntt.bps.go.id
and www.nttprov.go.id)
we know that Manggarai language is the language with high rate of user in Nusa
Tenggara Timur Province.
The
Manggarainese language is part of the Austronesian family, and therefore
related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Based on its dialect,
Manggarai language divided into four groups. They are East Manggarai dialect, West
Manggarai dialect, North Manggarai dialect and Middle Manggarai dialects. Each
of those dialects has sub-dialect, which have specific characteristics in
morphological form, phonological form and syntactical form. In morphological
form, Manggarai language has specific unique form in its lexical and morphemic
form in build up a complete meaning of a word.
Clitic
is a grammatical form, which can’t stand alone. So, it can be called as bound
morpheme. Briefly, a morphological characteristic of clitic is that a clitic is
a bound morpheme appeared like an affix [where it can’t stand alone] but it can
be adjoin to all word class. Based on this characteristic, there are some
phenomenon appeared in Manggarai language which has some characteristics above
which suggested by writer as a clitic. Some phenomena of cliticization in
Manggarai language are following:
Ise lonto
musi mai ami - s
3p sit behind
from 1pl - 3p
They sat/were sitting behind us
Toko - s ise
Sleep- 3Pl 3Pl
They sleep
Hi Kode ka’eng
wa
tana - i
ART monkey stay down ground
- 3s
The monkey lives
on the ground
Hia pa’u
eta mai bubung mbaru hitu-i
3s fall
above from roof
house that=3s
‘(S)he fell down
from the roof of the house’
The
examples above show there are two cliticization phenomena appear. They are –i
and –s,
where –i refer to 3singular [he/she/it] while –s refer to 3Plural
[they]. The more examples was founded and need to be analyzed whether it might
be classified in clitic or not. Then, it will show us that Manggarai language might
has unique characteristics with other local language in Nusa Tenggara Timur
Province, especially in cliticization phenomenon.
1.2
Research
problems
In
this paper, writer will try to analyze cliticization phenomenon in Manggarai language,
which focuses on Rembong dialect of Middle Manggarai dialect. The research
problem will be answered by research question like what kind of the Manggarai
language clitic? What is the function of the clitic appeared?
1.3
Theoretical
review
Longman
Dictionary defines a clitic as a grammatical form which cannot stand on its own
in an utterance. It needs to co-occur with another form which either precedes
or follows it. Some languages have clitic pronoun forms which are attached to
the verb (2002: 76). Means that a clitic always attached to its host and will
give semantic meaning when it has been attached to its host. In Manggarai
language there are some clitic which attach to the verbal where after the
joining there will be appear a new semantic phrase meaning. For example ta - r
(go – 1Plr = we go), took - r (sleep – 1Plr = we sleep), lako-k
(walk – 1sgl = I go).
Clitic
is a ‘small words’ of functional, non-lexical categories such as pronouns and
determiners that ‘lean on’ a preceding or following host word, and cannot
appear as phonological words by themselves (Booij, 2005: 181).
Clitick
Features :
·
Phonologically bound but syntactically
free
·
Function at phrase or clause level
·
Cannot be integrated into standard
discourse without being bound to some other form
·
Often have grammatical rather than
lexical meaning
·
Belong to closed classes like pronouns,
prepositions, auxiliary verbs, and conjunctions
·
Usually attach to the edges of words,
outside of derivational and inflectional affixes
·
Often attach to several syntactic categories
of words such as head noun, non-head noun, preposition, verb, or adverb.
·
Phonologically unstressed
There are two types of
clitic. They are proclitic and enclitic. proclitic occurring at the beginning
of a morpheme while enclitic, occurring at the end of a morpheme.
1.4
Method
and technique of data collection
In this research, the
method used is quantitative research method where the data are collected from
Manggarainese language written and other morphological paper of Manggarainese
language, and interview directly some people who use Manggarainese language.
1.5
Technique
of data analysis
The data, which have
been collected, are classified into some group base on the typology of clitic and
then analyzed by morphological software name Toolbox.
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